To mate or be eaten? Tree crickets behaviour in the presence of predator

According to a press release from IISc, the cricket chirps you hear on summer evenings are males calling to attract females of their species to mate with them. Female crickets do not call, and instead walk towards these calling males. What are the consequences of predation on their mate-finding behaviours and mating success?  

These questions were addressed in tree crickets in a recent publication in the journal Functional Ecology, by researchers at the Centre for Ecological Sciences (CES) at IISc. They also investigated whether the chances of survival are affected if crickets altered their mate search behaviour.  

The researchers experimentally manipulated the level of danger by maintaining different ratios of the number of predators ‒ green lynx spiders ‒ to crickets, in outdoor enclosures built in their natural habitat. They then observed the crickets, and examined whether they changed their mate searching behaviour under different levels of threat, and noted their chances of survival. They also estimated the effects of these direct and indirect pressures on the mating success of the crickets. 

The researchers found that when the threat of predation increased, male crickets reduced calling, and moved towards other singing males they could hear around them. This directed movement indicates that they may be switching to a tactic known as “satellite” behaviour. These silent, satellite males hang around a caller, and attempt to mate with females who approach the singer. This tactic has its benefits: they conserve energy by not calling, and are also less conspicuous to predators. But there is a cost: the chances of satellite males successfully mating is much lower than that of calling males. They lose out on mating opportunities but are more likely to survive to the next night, and try again to find a mate.  

On the other hand, female crickets did not reduce their movements even when the risk of being eaten was high. This result was unexpected because males are expected to be the more risk-taking sex, according to Viraj Torsekar, former PhD student and the first author of the paper.

Torsekar adds that in many species of crickets, the female mounts the male during copulation and feeds on nutritious secretions from a gland on his back. And therefore, it would benefit the females to mate with multiple males to maximise this nutritional intake. Whether this added incentive plays a role in the females’ continued movement even in the presence of predators, however, needs to be investigated.  

The authors also found that increased predation risk reduced the chances of survival for both male and female crickets equally. This in turn reduced the number of times these individuals were able to mate, and could affect their reproductive fitness – the number of offspring an individual leaves behind – and the currency of success in nature.